The conifer tree can lead to a wide variety of products and services. Overall, the evaluation, management and planning of the multiplicity of these forest systems requires effective and specific methods and tools in a sustainable frame of the systems and of their products and services. This book reflects the current research on conifer stands and forests. The authors, specialists in different areas, addressed several issues in forest science, focusing on the species' characteristics, silviculture and climate change
growth analysis
reconstruction of stand dynamics of mixed stands
establishment, regeneration and succession
litter-fall, nutrient cycle and silviculture
distribution and zonation
and ecosystem services provided by monocultures and mixed stands.