Delayed effects and complex life cycles [electronic resource] : How the larval aquatic environment influences terrestrial performance and survival

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Tác giả:

Ngôn ngữ: eng

Ký hiệu phân loại: 570.15 Scientific principles

Thông tin xuất bản: Washington, D.C. : Oak Ridge, Tenn. : United States. National Nuclear Security Administration ; Distributed by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 2018

Mô tả vật lý: Size: p. 2660-2669 : , digital, PDF file.

Bộ sưu tập: Metadata

ID: 260198

Species with complex life cycles are susceptible to environmental stressors across life stages, but the carryover and latent effects between stages remain understudied. For species with biphasic life histories, such as pond-breeding amphibians, delayed effects of aquatic conditions can influence terrestrial juveniles and adults directly or indirectly, usually mediated through fitness correlates such as body size. In this work, we collected adult southern toads (Anaxyrus terrestris) from two source populations ? a natural reference wetland and a metal-contaminated industrial wetland ? and exposed their offspring to two aquatic stressors ? a metal contaminant, copper (Cu), and a dragonfly predator cue ? in outdoor mesocosms (n = 24). We then reared metamorphs in terrestrial mesocosms for five months to examine delayed effects of early life stage environmental conditions on juvenile performance, growth, and survival. Larval exposure to Cu, as well as having parents from a contaminated wetland, resulted in smaller size at metamorphosis ? a response later negated by compensatory growth. Although Cu level and parental source did not affect larval survival, we observed latent effects of these stressors on juvenile survival, with elevated Cu conditions and metal-contaminated parents reducing post-metamorphic survival. Parental source and larval Cu exposure indirectly affected performance at metamorphosis through their effects on body size but, one month later, parental source and larval predator exposure directly affected performance. The carryover and latent effects of parental source population and aquatic Cu level on post-metamorphic survival and juvenile performance highlight the importance of conducting studies across life stages and generations.
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