To establish the potential of safe, long-term commercial-scale carbon capture & storage (CCS) in southwestern Wyoming, the University of Wyoming formed a CCS coordination team (CCT) to complete a Phase I CarbonSAFE pre-feasibility study adjacent to the region?s largest coal-fired power plant, the Jim Bridger Plant (JBP). The study?s primary objective was to evaluate the potential of storing 50+ million metric tons of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO<
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) in stacked reservoirs over a period of 25 years. In addition, this integrated study evaluated related aspects of carbon capture utilization & storage (CCUS) at the study site, including: (1) the CO<
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character of post-combustion flue gas from JBP and the technical capacity for retrofitting proven commercial-scale CO<
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capture technology relative to CO<
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source character and technological constraints
(2) utilization of the existing CO<
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pipeline network in the immediate vicinity of JBP for enhanced oil recovery (CO<
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-EOR) and utilizing that network as part of a regional hub for CO<
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storage from other anthropogenic sources
(3) assessment of the challenges and benefits of meeting all of CarbonSAFE programmatic Phase I goals relative to Wyoming?s carbon management regulatory framework
and (4) assessment of the community and environmental factors that may impact CCS at JBP. With respect to storage, we analyzed the potential of stacked Mesozoic reservoirs at the study site, focusing on the Entrada and Nugget sandstones. The reservoir response to injection simulations varied greatly between formations, though they both were capable of CO<
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storage. The Entrada Sandstone is relative thin (~40?) and heterogeneous
storage using one injection and production well was limited to 1.2 Mt over 25 years at the study site. The Nugget Sandstone is much thicker (>
400?) and generally homogeneous
storage using one injection and production well approached 15.0 Mt over 25 years
this scenario suggests that the storage potential in the Nugget Sandstone is close to the estimated P90 calculation of 9.6 Mt/mi<
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as models indicate a storage potential of 8.3 Mt/mi<
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at saturation. Both reservoirs? storage capacity benefited greatly from coupling an injection well with an offset production well
total storage capacity increased and reservoir pressure stayed below critical thresholds. This indicates that implementing a pressure management strategy at the study site would optimize storage and decrease risk. Seals associated with the targeted reservoirs were shown to be capable of retaining the potential storage volumes, and the site benefits from multiple seal redundancies (i.e. >
7,000? of seal formations). Furthermore, assessment of different reservoir variables (e.g., fluid composition, pressure, etc.) indicates all reservoirs at the study site are isolated. Storage assessments from Mesozoic reservoirs were coupled with simulations from the site?s Paleozoic reservoirs (the Weber Sandstone and Madison Limestone), which were the focus of previous study. The fully integrated stacked reservoir pre-feasibility studies suggest that the Nugget and Madison formations alone could safely store 50 million metric tons of CO<
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within the study site. Furthermore, both formations are true saline reservoirs near JBP, making them ideal target reservoirs for CO<
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sequestration. Analysis of Wyoming?s laws and regulations confirm that the State has a favorable policy environment for CCS/CCUS. The project?s economic models estimated that the following revenues collectively are sufficient to finance the project over its lifespan if CO<
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utilization is coupled with CCS via the following strategies: (1) sales of CO<
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for EOR (approximately $69 million/year)
(2) use of CO<
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tax credits such as amended �45Q and �48A (approximately $484 million total)
and (3) sales of low-carbon electricity and marketable carbon offset/credits into carbon-constrained markets (approximately $11-$17 million/year) to West Coast consumers. These revenue estimates are broadly consistent with other studies that concluded arbitrage in JBP retail electricity sales between California and Wyoming could help to support the cost of deploying CCS at JBP. The models also indicate that maintaining a successful business case for long-term CCS -- wherein associated capture, transportation and operational costs are fully addressed at JBP -- is reliant on numerous external factors that complicate predictions. This study suggests that this site meets the CarbonSAFE program?s requirements of being able to feasibly store 50+ million metric tons of CO<
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over 25 years within the site?s stacked reservoirs, especially if coupled with pressure management strategies. This study suggests that the Nugget Sandstone and the Madison Limestone are two of the best reservoirs in the State with respect to overall storage capacity. In addition, the site?s proximity to existing CO<
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transportation networks, CO<
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-EOR opportunities, ability to sell to markets that value low-carbon electricity, Wyoming?s existing carbon regulatory framework, and a public that is well-educated with respect to energy markets and issues collectively increase the potential for implementing commercial-scale CCS adjacent to the JBP. With respect to the available technical and non-technical site data, and the reservoir quality at the study site, we suggest that this site is capable of moving directly into Phase III of the CarbonSAFE program.