The Rubáiyát by the Persian poet 'Umar Khayyaem (1048-1131) is used in contemporary Iran as a resistance literature, symbolizing the secularist voice in cultural debates. While Islamic fundamentalists criticize Khayyaem as an atheist and materialist philosopher who questions God's creation and the promise of reward or punishment in the hereafter, secularist intellectuals see in him an example of a scientist who scrutinizes the mysteries of the world. Others see a spritual master, a Sufi, who guides people to the truth. This volume collects eighteen essays on the history of the reception of 'Umar Khayyaem in various literary traditions, exporing how his philosophy of doubt, carpe diem, hedonism, and in vino veritas has inspired generations of poets, novelists, painters, musicians, calligraphers and film-makers.