Jatropha, Challenges for a New Energy Crop -Volume 2 aims to report on the state of the art of scientific investigations that were made during the past ten years on the new crop Jatropha curcas. The progresses obtained on the knowledge of this abstemious, semi-wild species are already impressive and were mainly achieved in just a decade (2001-2011). This knowledge extends from basic Jatropha physiology and biological reproduction to the basic agronomic practices and systems for its productive management, but also the complete set of biotechnological tools, such as in vitro culture, genetic transformation, genome sequencing, genetic maps, and marker-assisted selection that are necessary for its selective breeding. These scientific and technological achievements pave the way for the future technological management and domestication of Jatropha as an industrial oilseed crop able to contribute to the feeding of the transport system.